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mxConstraint still produces standard errors

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Julia's picture
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Joined: 03/29/2012 - 09:40
mxConstraint still produces standard errors
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Hi.

I am running a fourvariate Cholesky model with the first and the last variables being ordinal and dichotomous respectively and with the second and the third being continuous. I include mxConstraint in the script in order to fix the variance of non-continuous variables to be equal to one and I expect the summary output to be without any standard errors, but I still get them, even though some of them are missing. Why is this happening? Is there something wrong with my script or did I miss something and now mxConsraint does not suppresses the SE's? If so, is the output valid and I can ignore missing SE's by estimating mxCI? I would greatly appreciate any insight!

require(OpenMx)
mxOption(NULL, "Default optimizer", "NPSOL")
 
# Select Continuous Variables
varsc     <- c('varCon1', 'varCon2')                   # list of continuous variables names
nvc       <- length(varsc)                        # number of continuous variables
ntvc      <- nvc*2                     # number of total continuous variables
conVars   <- paste(varsc,c(rep(1,nvc),rep(2,nvc)),sep="_")
 
# Select Ordinal Variables
nth       <- 3                         # number of max thresholds
ninc    <- nth-1    # number of max increments
varso     <- c('varOrd', 'varDich')                   # list of ordinal variables names
nvo       <- length(varso)                         # number of ordinal variables
ntvo      <- nvo*2                     # number of total ordinal variables
ordVars   <- paste(varso,c(rep(1,nvo),rep(2,nvo)),sep="_")
nth1 = 3
nth2 = 1
nth = max(nth1, nth2)
 
# Select Variables for Analysis
vars      <- c('varOrd', 'varCon1', 'varCon2', 'varDich')                # list of variables names
nv        <- length(vars)       # number of variables
nind      <- 2
ntv       <- nv*nind    # number of total variables
oc        <- c(1,0,0,1)                    # 0 for continuous, 1 for ordinal variables COMPROBAR
selVars   <- paste(vars,c(rep(1,nv),rep(2,nv)),sep="_")
 
 
def = c("sex_s", "Zage_s", "q_age_s")
ndef= length(def)
defVars = paste(def,c(rep(1,ndef),rep(2,ndef)),sep="_")
 
 
# Set the Binary variable up for OpenMx
mzDataBin = subset(df, zyg3_s=='Mz', c(selVars, defVars))
dzDataBin = subset(df, zyg3_s=='DzL', c(selVars, defVars))
 
mzDataBin = mzDataBin[complete.cases(mzDataBin[,defVars]),] 
dzDataBin = dzDataBin[complete.cases(dzDataBin[,defVars]),] 
 
mzDataBinF = mzDataBin
dzDataBinF = dzDataBin
mzDataBinF[,ordVars[c(1,3)]] <- mxFactor( x=mzDataBin[,ordVars[c(1,3)]], levels=c(1,2,3,4) )
dzDataBinF[,ordVars[c(1,3)]] <- mxFactor( x=dzDataBin[,ordVars[c(1,3)]], levels=c(1,2,3,4) )
mzDataBinF[,ordVars[c(2,4)]] <- mxFactor( x=mzDataBin[,ordVars[c(2,4)]], levels=c(0,1) )
dzDataBinF[,ordVars[c(2,4)]] <- mxFactor( x=dzDataBin[,ordVars[c(2,4)]], levels=c(0,1) )
 
 
threshLabs  <- paste(rep(varso,each=nth),c("thresh",rep("inc",ninc)),c(1,1:ninc),sep='_')
meanLabs <- paste(vars, "mean",sep="_")
betaLabs_age <- paste("beta","Age",vars, sep="_")
betaLabs_sex <- paste("beta","Sex",vars, sep="_")
betaLabsThre_age = paste("beta","Age",threshLabs, sep="_")
betaLabsThre_sex = paste("beta","Sex",threshLabs, sep="_")
 
# Create Labels for Lower Triangular Matrices
aLabs     <- paste("a",rev(nv+1-sequence(1:nv)),rep(1:nv,nv:1),sep="")
dLabs     <- paste("d",rev(nv+1-sequence(1:nv)),rep(1:nv,nv:1),sep="")
eLabs     <- paste("e",rev(nv+1-sequence(1:nv)),rep(1:nv,nv:1),sep="")
 
 
 
# Set Starting Values
frMV      <- c(FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)             # free status for variables
frCvD     <- diag(frMV,nv,nv)        # lower bounds for diagonal of covariance matrix
frCvD[lower.tri(frCvD)] <- TRUE        # lower bounds for below diagonal elements
frCvD[upper.tri(frCvD)] <- TRUE        # lower bounds for above diagonal elements
frCv      <- matrix(as.logical(frCvD),4)
frTh        <-c(T,T,T,T,F,F)
svMe      <- c(0,0,0,0)                   # start value for means
svPa      <- .4                        # start value for path coefficient
svPaD     <- vech(diag(svPa,nv,nv))    # start values for diagonal of covariance matrix
svPe      <- .8                        # start value for path coefficient for e
svPeD     <- vech(diag(svPe,nv,nv))    # start values for diagonal of covariance matrix
lbPa      <- 0                    # start value for lower bounds
lbPaD     <- diag(lbPa,nv,nv)          # lower bounds for diagonal of covariance matrix
lbPaD[lower.tri(lbPaD)] <- -10         # lower bounds for below diagonal elements
lbPaD[upper.tri(lbPaD)] <- NA          # lower bounds for above diagonal elements
# svTh      <- c(-1,.1,.1,0,NA,NA)     # start value for thresholds
svTh      <- 0     # start value for thresholds
 
 
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
# PREPARE MODEL
 
defAge1       <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=1, free=FALSE, labels="data.Zage_s_1", name="Age1")
defAge2       <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=1, free=FALSE, labels="data.Zage_s_2", name="Age2")
defSex1       <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=1, free=FALSE, labels="data.sex_s_1", name="Sex1")
defSex2       <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=1, free=FALSE, labels="data.sex_s_2", name="Sex2")
 
 
# Regression effects
B_Age        <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=nv, free=frMV, values=c(0,.1,.1,0), labels=betaLabs_age, name="bAge" )
B_Age_Thre  <-mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=nth, ncol=nvo, free=frTh, values=c(rep(.2,nth),0.2,NA,NA), labels=betaLabsThre_age, name="bAgeThre" )
 
B_Sex        <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=nv, free=frMV, values=c(0,.1,.1,0), labels=betaLabs_sex, name="bSex" )
B_Sex_Thre  <-mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=nth, ncol=nvo, free=frTh, values=c(rep(.2,nth),0.2,NA,NA), labels=betaLabsThre_sex, name="bSexThre" )
 
 
#setting up the regression
intercept       <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=nv, free=frMV, values=svMe, labels=meanLabs, name="intercept" )
expMean     <- mxAlgebra( expression = cbind(intercept + (bAge%x%Age1) + (bSex%x%Sex1), intercept + (bAge%x%Age2) + (bSex%x%Sex2)) , name="expMean")
 
inc     <-mxMatrix( type="Lower",nrow=nth, ncol=nth, free=F, values=1, name="Low")
threVar1        <-mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=nth1, ncol=1, free=T, values=svTh, lbound=c(-3,rep(.001,ninc)), ubound=3, labels=c("healthp_s_thresh_1", "healthp_s_inc_1", "healthp_s_inc_2"), name="ThresholdVar1")
threVar2        <-mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=nth1, ncol=1, free=c(rep(T,nth2),rep(F,nth1-nth2)), values=c(rep(svTh,nth2),rep(NA,nth1-nth2)), lbound=c(-3,rep(.001,ninc)), ubound=3, labels=c("ibs_gen_s_thresh_1", "ibs_gen_s_inc_1", "ibs_gen_s_inc_2"), name="ThresholdVar2")
threMatVar1 = mxAlgebra( expression= cbind(Low%*%ThresholdVar1), name='ThresholdMatvar1')
thresholds = mxAlgebra(cbind(ThresholdMatvar1, ThresholdVar2), name='ThresholdsInc')
expThre <-mxAlgebra( expression= cbind(ThresholdsInc + (bAgeThre%x%Age1) + (bSexThre%x%Sex1), ThresholdsInc + (bAgeThre%x%Age2) + (bSexThre%x%Sex2) ), name="expThreshold")
 
 
 
 
inclusions   <- list (B_Age, B_Sex,  B_Age_Thre, B_Sex_Thre, defAge1, defAge2, defSex1, defSex2, intercept, expMean, inc, threVar1, threVar2, threMatVar1, thresholds, expThre)
 
 
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
# ADE Model
# Create Matrices for Path Coefficients
pathA     <- mxMatrix( type="Lower", nrow=nv, ncol=nv, free=TRUE, values=svPaD, label=aLabs, lbound=lbPaD, name="a" )
pathD     <- mxMatrix( type="Lower", nrow=nv, ncol=nv, free=TRUE, values=svPaD, label=dLabs, lbound=lbPaD, name="d" )
pathE     <- mxMatrix( type="Lower", nrow=nv, ncol=nv, free=TRUE, values=svPeD, label=eLabs, lbound=lbPaD, name="e" )
 
# Matrices generated to hold A, D, and E computed Variance Components
covA        <- mxAlgebra( expression=a %*% t(a), name="A" )
covD        <- mxAlgebra( expression=d %*% t(d), name="D" )
covE        <- mxAlgebra( expression=e %*% t(e), name="E" )
 
# Algebra for expected Mean and Variance/Covariance Matrices in MZ & DZ twins
covMZ       <- mxAlgebra( expression= rbind( cbind(A+D+E , A+D),
                                           cbind(A+D   , A+D+E)), name="expCovMZ" )
covDZ       <- mxAlgebra( expression= rbind( cbind(A+D+E     , 0.5%x%A+0.25%x%D),
                                           cbind(0.5%x%A+0.25%x%D , A+D+E)), name="expCovDZ" )
 
 
# Algebra to compute total variances
covP         <- mxAlgebra( expression=A+D+E, name="V" )
 
# Constraint on variance of Binary variables
matUnv <- mxMatrix( type="Unit", nrow=1, ncol=1, name="Unv1" )
matOc     <- mxMatrix( type="Full", nrow=1, ncol=nv, free=FALSE, values=oc, name="Oc" )
var1      <- mxConstraint( expression=diag2vec(Oc%&%V)==Unv1, name="Var1" )
 
 
# Create Algebra for Standardization
matI      <- mxMatrix( type="Iden", nrow=nv, ncol=nv, name="I")
invSD     <- mxAlgebra( expression=solve(sqrt(I*V)), name="iSD")
 
stA = mxAlgebra(A/V, name='stA')
stD = mxAlgebra(D/V, name='stD')
stE = mxAlgebra(E/V, name='stE')
 
 
# Calculate genetic and environmental correlations
corA      <- mxAlgebra( expression=solve(sqrt(I*A))%&%A, name ="rA" ) #cov2cor()
corD      <- mxAlgebra( expression=solve(sqrt(I*D))%&%D, name ="rD" )
corE      <- mxAlgebra( expression=solve(sqrt(I*E))%&%E, name ="rE" )
 
corP      <- mxAlgebra( expression=solve(sqrt(I*V))%&%V, name ="rP" )
 
 
# Algebras generated to hold Parameter Estimates and Derived Variance Components
rowVars     <- rep('vars',nv)
colVars     <- rep(c('A','D','E','stA','stD','stE', 'rA','rD','rE','rP'),each=nv)
estVars     <- mxAlgebra( expression=cbind(A,D,E,stA,stD,stE,rA,rD,rE,rP), name="Vars", dimnames=list(rowVars,colVars))
 
 
# Data objects for Multiple Groups
dataMZ    <- mxData( observed=mzDataBinF, type="raw" )
dataDZ    <- mxData( observed=dzDataBinF, type="raw" )
 
# Objective objects for Multiple Groups
expMZ     <- mxExpectationNormal( covariance="expCovMZ", means="expMean", dimnames=selVars, thresholds="expThreshold", threshnames=ordVars )
expDZ     <- mxExpectationNormal( covariance="expCovDZ", means="expMean", dimnames=selVars ,thresholds="expThreshold", threshnames=ordVars )
funML     <- mxFitFunctionML()
 
# Combine Groups
pars      <- list(pathA, pathD, pathE, covA, covD, covE, stA, stD, stE, covP, corA, corD, corE, corP, matI, invSD, matUnv, matOc, estVars)
 
 
modelMZ   <- mxModel( pars, inclusions, covMZ, dataMZ, expMZ, funML, name="MZ" )
modelDZ   <- mxModel( pars, inclusions, covDZ, dataDZ, expDZ, funML, name="DZ" )
 
 
multi       <- mxFitFunctionMultigroup( c("MZ","DZ") )
AdeModel  <- mxModel( "ADE", pars, var1, modelMZ, modelDZ, funML, multi) # , ciThre, ciInterc, ciBeta, ciVars, ciStVars, ciCorr 
 
 
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RUN MODEL
 
# Run ADE model
AdeFit    <- mxRun(AdeModel) 
AdminRobK's picture
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Joined: 01/24/2014 - 12:15
standard errors
Is there something wrong with my script or did I miss something and now mxConsraint does not suppresses the SE's?

The latter. As of version 2.13.x, OpenMx reports standard errors in the presence of MxConstraints. Those standard errors are adjusted appropriately to reflect the influence the MxConstraints have on the sampling distribution of the free-parameter estimates (see references in the man page of mxComputeStandardError()). If the model converges, the standard errors will generally be valid, unless you're running OpenMx with only one thread (which is always the case under Windows), due to a known issue.

is the output valid and I can ignore missing SE's by estimating mxCI?

Yes, confidence intervals work the way they always have. I would recommend basing inference off of mxCI() rather than the standard errors, since profile-likelihood intervals have superior theoretical properties compared to Wald-style intervals. Plus, the SEs are calculated from the matrix of second partial fitfunction derivatives, and numerical derivatives of the fitfunction aren't always well-behaved when you're analyzing ordinal variables (I suspect that's why some of the SEs are missing).

Julia's picture
Offline
Joined: 03/29/2012 - 09:40
Great!

Great! Thanks a lot for your reply! Then I will proceed with mxCI.